Cyber Threats & Countermeasures

Malware

About 5 min read

Last updated: 2026-04-15

What Is Malware

Malware is a portmanteau of "malicious" and "software," referring to any software intentionally designed to harm computers, networks, or users. The term "computer virus" is technically just one type of malware.

Types of Malware

Virus
Attaches to files and replicates when the file is opened. Requires user action to spread.
Worm
Self-replicates and spreads automatically across networks without user interaction.
Trojan
Disguises itself as legitimate software. Often installs backdoors for remote access.
Ransomware
Encrypts files and demands payment for decryption. See ransomware for details.
Spyware
Monitors user activity and sends data to external parties. Keyloggers are a common variant.

Infection Routes

Common infection routes: (1) Email attachments and links (2) Malicious websites (3) Fake software downloads (4) External media such as USB drives (5) Exploiting software vulnerabilities.

Warning Signs and Prevention

Warning signs: sudden slowdowns, unknown programs running, files modified without your knowledge, excessive pop-up ads.

Prevention: keep your OS and software up to date, avoid opening untrusted files, install security software, and back up your data regularly.

For more details, see our article What Is Malware? Types and Prevention Explained.

Common Misconceptions

Macs and smartphones cannot get malware
While less common than on Windows, Macs and mobile devices can and do get infected with malware.
Antivirus software provides complete protection
New malware variants can evade antivirus detection. Behavioral precautions are equally important.

Virus vs. Malware

Malware

An umbrella term for all malicious software, including viruses, worms, trojans, and more.

Virus

A specific type of malware that attaches to files and replicates through user action.

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Related Terms

Ransomware Malware that encrypts files and entire systems on infected devices, then demands… Phishing An attack method that impersonates legitimate organizations, banks, or individua… Zero-Day Attack An attack that exploits a software vulnerability before it is publicly disclosed… Firewall A security mechanism placed at network boundaries that inspects and controls inc… Social Engineering An attack methodology that exploits human psychological weaknesses rather than t… Supply Chain Attack An attack that infiltrates the software development, build, or distribution pipe…

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